《译心向党》第三期——《实践论》（上）
《实践论》一文是毛泽东于1937年7月所撰写，1951年收入人民出版社出版的《毛泽东选集》第一卷。全文论述了实践与认识的关系，指出真理的标准只能是社会的实践，实践的观点是辩证唯物论的认识论之第一和基本的观点。
《实践论》是毛泽东关于马克思主义认识论的代表著作，深刻地论述和丰富了马克思主义的认识论。文中的一些思想理论在今天仍然值得我们仔细阅读学习与思考。本文将摘录《实践论》原文选段及其英译文本，供大家学习参考。
• 马克思主义者认为，只有人们的社会实践，才是人们对于外界认识的真理性的标准。实际的情形是这样的，只有在社会实践过程中（物质生产过程中，阶级斗争过程中，科学实验过程中），人们达到了思想中所预想的结果时，人们的认识才被证实了。人们要想得到工作的胜利即得到预想的结果，一定要使自己的思想合于客观外界的规律性，如果不合，就会在实践中失败。人们经过失败之后，也就从失败取得教训，改正自己的思想使之适合于外界的规律性，人们就能变失败为胜利，所谓“失败者成功之母”“吃一堑长一智”，就是这个道理。
• Marxists hold that man's social practice alone is the criterion of the truth of his knowledge of the external world. What actually happens is that man's knowledge is verified only when he achieves the anticipated results in the process of social practice (material production, class struggle or scientific experiment). If a man wants to succeed in his work, that is, to achieve the anticipated results, he must bring his ideas into correspondence with the laws of the objective external world; if they do not correspond, he will fail in his practice. After he fails, he draws his lessons, corrects his ideas to make them correspond to the laws of the external world, and can thus turn failure into success; this is what is meant by "failure is the mother of success" and "a fall into the pit, a gain in your wit".
• 认识的真正任务在于经过感觉而到达于思维，到达于逐步了解客观事物的内部矛盾，了解它的规律性，了解这一过程和那一过程的内部联系，即到达于论理的认识。重复地说，论理的认识所以和感性的认识不同，是因为感性的认识是属于事物之片面的、现象的、外部联系的东西，论理的认识则推进了一大步，到达了事物的全体的、本质的、内部联系的东西，到达了暴露周围世界的内在的矛盾，因而能在周围世界的总体上。在周围世界一切方面的内部联系上去把握周围世界的发展。
• The real task of knowing is, through perception, to arrive at thought, to arrive step by step at the comprehension of the internal contradictions of objective things, of their laws and of the internal relations between one process and another, that is, to arrive at logical knowledge. To repeat, logical knowledge differs from perceptual knowledge in that perceptual knowledge pertains to the separate aspects, the phenomena and the external relations of things, whereas logical knowledge takes a big stride forward to reach the totality, the essence and the internal relations of things and discloses the inner contradictions in the surrounding world. Therefore, logical knowledge is capable of grasping the development of the surrounding world in its totality, in the internal relations of all its aspects.
