《译心向党》第四期——《实践论》（下）

这种基于实践的由浅入深的辨证唯物论的关于认识发展过程的理论，在马克思主义出现以前，是没有一个人这样解决过的。马克思主义的唯物论，第一次正确地解决了这个问题，唯物地而且辨证地指出了认识的深化的运动，指出了社会的人在他们的生产和阶级斗争的复杂的、经常反复的实践中，由感性认识到论理认识的推移的运动。列宁说过:“物质的抽象，自然规律的抽象，价值的抽象以及其他等等，一句话，一切科学的(正确的、郑重的、非瞎说的)抽象，都更深刻、更正确、更完全地反映着自然。”

This dialectical-materialist theory of the process of development of knowledge, basing itself on practice and proceeding from the shallower to the deeper, was never worked out by anybody before the rise of Marxi sm. Marxist materialism solved this problem correctly for the first time, pointing out both materialistically and dialectically the deepening movement of cognition, the movement by which man in society pro- gresses from perceptual knowledge to logical knowledge in his complex, constantly recurring practice of production and class struggle. Lenin said, "The abstraction of matter, of a law of nature, the abstraction of value, etc., in short, all scientific (correct, serious, not absurd) abstractions reflect nature more deeply, truly and completely. "

马克思列宁主义认为:认识过程中两个阶段的特性，在低级阶段，认识表现为感性的，在高级阶段，认识表现为论理的，但任何阶段，都是统一的认识过程的阶段。感性和理性二者的性质不同，但又不是互相分离的，它们在实践的基础上统一起来了。我们的实践证明:感觉到了的东西，我们不能立刻理解它，只有理解了的东西才更深刻地感觉它。感觉只解决现象问题，理论才解决本质问题。

Marxism-Leninism holds that each of the two stages in the process of cognition has its own characteristics, with knowledge manifesting itself asperceptual at the lower stage and logical at the higher stage, but that both are stages in an integrated process of cognition. The perceptual and the rational are qualitatively different, but are not divorced from each other; they are unified on the basis of practice. Our prac-tice proves that what is perceived cannot at once be comprehended and that only what is comprehended can be more deeply perceived. Perception only solves the pro-blem of phenomena; theory alone can solve the problem of essence.

这些问题的解决，一点也不能离开实践。无论何人要认识什么事物，除了同那个事物接触，即生活于(实践于)那个事物的环境中，是没有法子解决的。不能在封建社会就预先认识资本主义社会的规律，因为资本主义还未出现，还无这种实践。马克思主义只能是资本主义的产物。马克思不能在自由资本主义时代就预先具体地认识帝国主义时代的某些特异的规律,因为帝国主义这个资本主义最后阶段还未到来，还无这种实践，只有列宁和斯大林才能担当此项任务。

The solving of both these problems is not separable in the slightest degree from practice. Whoever wants to know a thing has no way of doing so except by coming into contact with it, that is, by living (practicing) in its environment. In feudal society it was impossible to know the laws of capitalist society in advance because capitalism had not yet emerged, the rele-vant practice was lacking. Marxism could be the product only of capitalist society. Marx, in the era of laissez-faire capitalism, could not concretely know cer-tain laws peculiar to the era of imperialism beforehand, because imperialism, the last stage of capitalism, had not yet emerged and the relevant practice was lacking; only Lenin and Stalin could undertake this task.